INSECTS AND MITES: PESTICIDES RESISTANCE AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Abstract
The first case about evolution of arthropod resistance to insecticides, was reported in 1914, with San José scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Hemiptera: Diaspidae) to sulfur. Cases of resistance evolution continue to expand, as do the number of species that have developed resistance to one or more pesticide groups. Current pest management tactics rely heavily on the use of insecticide and acaricide by farmers around the world and are highly valuable and effective tools for controlling major agricultural pests. Despite many insect species are still successfully controlled by these products, intensive use increases the selection pressure of resistant target pest populations. Therefore, the knowledge about the mechanisms and factors that can contribute to the evolution of insect and mite resistance to pesticides is necessary, as well as the main resistance management strategies, considered crucial to prevent the evolution of resistance. In this review, we summarize the status of resistance, the mechanisms and factors involved, and the main resistance management strategies.
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